The original characteristics of the deep ecology movement were its recognition of the inherent value of all living beings and the use of this view in shaping environmental policies. Those who work for social changes are motivated by love of nature as well as for humans.
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A study published in Nature Geoscience shows that air
pollution has had a significant impact on the amount of water flowing
through many rivers in the northern hemisphere.
The paper shows how such pollution, known as aerosols, can
have an impact on the natural environment and highlights the importance
of considering these factors in assessments of future climate change.
Nicola Gedney, from the Met Office and lead author of the paper,
said: "We detect the impact of solar dimming on enhanced river flows
over regions in the heavily industrialised northern extra-tropics. We
estimate that, in the most polluted central Europe river basin,
this effect led to an increase in river flow of up to 25% when the
aerosol levels were at their peak, around 1980. With water shortages
likely to be one of the biggest impacts of climate change in the future,
these findings are important in making projections for the future."
It is already established that increased burning of sulphurous coal
up to the late 1970s led to additional aerosols in the atmosphere. These
are reflective and therefore reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the
Earth's surface, an effect known as 'solar dimming'.
This dimming then started to reverse in Europe and North America with
the introduction of clean air legislation and a widespread switch to
cleaner fuels.
In the new study, researchers found that solar dimming increased
river flows relative to that expected from surface meteorology, as the
reduced amount of sunlight affected the rate of evaporation from the
Earth's surface. When the dimming began to reverse, reductions in
river-flows were observed.
Chris Huntingford, one of the paper co-authors based at the Centre
for Ecology and Hydrology, said: "This study involved using detection
and attribution techniques which were able to show a link between
aerosols and changes in river flows.
"These studies normally involve looking at how different factors
affect temperature, but here we've been able to attribute this man-made
influence to an environmental impact."
The study also tested for the effects of deforestation and carbon dioxide increases on river-flow.
"In addition we find a further indication that increases in carbon
dioxide may have increased river-flows by reducing water loss from
plants", said co-author Peter Cox from the University of Exeter.
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